| |
The Protective Effects of SAMe Are Demonstrated SAMe And Osteoarthritis S-Adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe) is a naturally occurring compound involved in transmethylation and trans-sulphuration reactions. The administration of SAMe to patients with osteoarthritis seems to have a protective effect, although the mechanisms of its action are largely unknown. We have studied the effect of SAMe as a protective agent against the modifications induced by tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) on synovial cell proliferation and extracellular matrix protein synthesis, two important hallmarks of progressive articular diseases. The stimulation of cells with 100 U/ml TNF alpha for 24 hours decreased the proliferative rate (58 +/- 14% with TNF alpha vs. basal 100%, P < 0.05), fibronectin (FN) mRNA expression (36 +/- 14% vs. basal, P < 0.05) and FN synthesis (79 +/- 20% vs basal, P > 0.05). By contrast, TNF alpha raised total protein and proteoglycan synthesis (127 +/- 12% vs basal and 239 +/- 40% vs. basal, respectively, P < 0.05). The addition of increasing concentrations of SAMe (10(-10)-10(-6) M) to synoviocytes incubated with TNF alpha reversed the effects induced by the cytokine, while SAMe alone did not modify significantly the metabolic processes studied. These results indicate that, in cultured synovial cells, SAMe restores basal conditions after cell damage elicited by TNF alpha stimulation. SAMe Impact on Hips And Knees A randomized double-blind multicenter clinical trial was carried out to verify the effectiveness and tolerance of S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) vs. ibuprofen in 150 patients with hip and/or knee osteoarthritis. Both drugs were given orally, 400 mg thrice daily for 30 days. SAMe exhibited a slightly more marked activity than the reference drug in the management of the various painful manifestations of the joint disease. Minor side-effects developed in five patients of the SAMe group, and in 16 patients of ibuprofen group. No drop-outs occurred. No changes were observed in the routine laboratory tests. SAMe in Primary Fibromyalgia The effect of S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) and placebo was evaluated in a short-term crossover study of 17 patients with primary fibromyalgia. Eleven of 17 patients had a significant depressive state as assessed by either the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale or the Scala di Autovalutazione per la Depressione (SAD) rating scale. The number of trigger points plus painful anatomic sites decreased after administration of SAMe (p less than 0.02) but not after placebo treatment. In addition, scores on both the Hamilton and SAD rating scales improved after SAMe administration (p less than 0.05 and p less than 0.005, respectively), whereas they did not significantly change after placebo treatment. In all the patients, there was a good correlation between scores on the Hamilton rating scale and the number of trigger points. Thus, this preliminary study confirms the close relationship between primary fibromyalgia and psychologic disturbances, particularly with regards to a depressive state. SAMe treatment, by improving the depressive state and reducing the number of trigger points, seems to be an effective and safe therapy in the management of primary fibromyalgia. Oral SAMe And Primary Fibromyalgia S-adenosylmethionine is a relatively new anti-inflammatory drug with analgesic and anti-depressant effects. Efficacy of 800 mg orally administered s-adenosylmethionine daily vs. placebo for six weeks was investigated in 44 patients with primary fibromyalgia in double-blind settings. Tender point score, isokinetic muscle strength, disease activity, subjective symptoms (visual analog scale), mood parameters and side effects were evaluated. Improvements were seen for clinical disease activity (P = 0.04), pain experienced during the last week (P = 0.002), fatigue (P = 0.02), morning stiffness (P = 0.03) and mood evaluated by Face Scale (P = 0.006) in the actively treated group compared to placebo. The tender point score, isokinetic muscle strength, mood evaluated by Beck Depression Inventory and side effects did not differ in the two treatment groups. S-adenosylmethionine has some beneficial effects on primary fibromyalgia and could be an important option in the treatment hereof. Two-Year Clinical SAMe Trial on Osteoarthritis In a long-term multicenter open trial involving 10 general practitioners, the efficiancy and tolerance of S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) were studied for 24 months in 108 patients with osteoarthritis of the knee, hip, and spine. At the end of the 24-month observation period, 97 of the patients were still in the study. The patients received 600 mg of SAMe daily (equivalent to three tablets of 200 mg each) for the first two weeks and thereafter 400 mg daily (equivalent to two tablets of 200 mg each) until the end of the 24th month of treatment. Separate evaluations were made for osteoarthritis of the knee, hip, cervical spine, and dorsal/lumbar spine. The severity of the clinical symptoms (morning stiffness, pain at rest, and pain on movement) was assessed using scoring before the start of the treatment, at the end of the first and second week of treatment, and then monthly until the end of the 24-month period. SAMe administration showed good clinical effectiveness and was well tolerated. The improvement of the clinical symptoms during therapy with SAMe was already evident after the first weeks of treatment and continued up to the end of the 24th month. Non-specific side effects occurred in 20 patients, but in no case did therapy have to be discontinued. Most side effects disappeared during the course of therapy. Moreover, during the last six months of treatment, no adverse effect was recorded. Detailed laboratory tests carried out at the start and after six, 12, 18, and 24 months of treatment showed no pathologic changes. SAMe administration also improved the depressive feelings often associated with osteoarthritis. SAMe Vs. Ibuprofen Thirty-six subjects with osteoarthritis of the knee, the hip, and/or the spine were enrolled in a randomized double-blind study. Patients received a daily oral dose of 1,200 mg of S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) or 1,200 mg of ibuprofen for four weeks. Morning stiffness, pain at rest, pain on motion, crepitus, swelling, and limitation of motion of the affected joints were assessed before and after treatment. The total score obtained by the evaluation of all the individual clinical parameters improved to the same extent in patients treated with SAMe or ibuprofen. Both treatments were well tolerated and no patient from either group withdrew from the study. Clinical Studies: SAME And Osteoarthritis Experimental investigations suggest that the administration of SAMe exerts analgesic and antiphlogistic activities and stimulates the synthesis of proteoglycans by articular chondrocytes with minimal or absent side effects on the gastrointestinal tract and other organs. The results of extensive clinical trials, which have enrolled about 22,000 patients with osteoarthritis in the last five years, support the clinical effectiveness and the optimal tolerability of SAMe administration. The intensity of therapeutic activity of SAMe against osteoarthritis is similar to that exerted by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, but its tolerability is higher. Based on these findings, SAMe is proposed as the prototype of a new class of safe drugs for the treatment of osteoarthritis. Homocysteine, Vascular Disease OBJECTIVE: To establish the magnitude of the vascular disease risk associated with an increased plasma homocysteine level and to examine interaction effects between elevated plasma homocysteine level and conventional risk factors. DESIGN: Case-control study. SETTING: Nineteen centers in 9 European countries. PATIENTS: A total of 750 cases of atherosclerotic vascular disease (cardiac, cerebral, and peripheral) and 800 controls of both sexes younger than 60 years. MEASUREMENTS: Plasma total homocysteine was measured while subjects were fasting and after a standardized methionine-loading test, which involves the administration of 100 mg of methionine per kilogram and stresses the metabolic pathway responsible for the irreversible degradation of homocysteine. Plasma cobalamin, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, red blood cell folate, serum cholesterol, smoking, and blood pressure were also measured. RESULTS: The relative risk for vascular disease in the top fifth compared with the bottom four fifths of the control fasting total homocysteine distribution was 2.2 (95% confidence interval, 1.6-2.9). Methionine loading identified an additional 27% of at-risk cases. A dose-response effect was noted between total homocysteine level and risk. The risk was similar to and independent of that of other risk factors, but interaction effects were noted between homocysteine and these risk factors; for both sexes combined, an increased fasting homocysteine level showed a more than multiplicative effect on risk in smokers and in hypertensive subjects. Red blood cell folate, cobalamin, and pyridoxal phosphate, all of which modulate homocysteine metabolism, were inversely related to total homocysteine levels. Compared with nonusers of vitamin supplements, the small number of subjects taking such vitamins appeared to have a substantially lower risk of vascular disease, a proportion of which was attributable to lower plasma homocysteine levels. CONCLUSIONS: An increased plasma total homocysteine level confers an independent risk of vascular disease similar to that of smoking or hyperlipidemia. It powerfully increases the risk associated with smoking and hypertension. It is time to undertake randomized controlled trials of the effect of vitamins that reduce plasma homocysteine levels on vascular disease risk. Chitosan And Fat Absorption We investigated the mechanism for the inhibition of fat digestion by chitosan, and the synergistic effect of ascorbate. The important inhibition characteristics of fat digestion by chitosan from observations of the ileal contents were that it dissolved in the stomach and then changed to a gelled form, entrapping fat in the intestine. The synergistic effect of ascorbate (AsA) on the inhibition of fat digestion by chitosan is thought not to be acid-dependent but due to the specificity of AsA itself, according to the data resulting from using preparations supplemented with sodium ascorbate (AsN). The mechanism for the synergistic effect is considered to be 1) viscosity reduction in the stomach, which implies that chitosan mixed with a lipid is better than chitosan alone, 2) an increase in the oil-holding capacity of the chitosan gel, and 3) the chitosan-fat gel being more flexible and less likely to leak entrapped fat in the intestinal tract. Chitin, Chitosan Impact on Nutrient Digestibility Broiler chickens were fed on a control diet based on maize and maize starch or diets containing chitin, or 94, 82 or 76% deacetylated chitin (chitosans) with different viscosities (360, 590 and 620 m Pa.s respectively) at an inclusion level of 30 g/kg. Animals had free access to feed and water for the whole experimental period. On days 10 and 18 of the experiment chickens given the control and chitin-containing diets weighed more, had consumed more feed and had lower feed conversion ratios (g feed/g weight gain) than chitosan-fed birds. Feeding of chitosan-containing diets generally reduced total plasma cholesterol and high-density-lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol concentrations and gave an increased HDL:total cholesterol ratio in comparison with chickens given the control and chitin-containing diets. Effects of Dietary Fiber And Fat Lymph cannulated rats were administered intragastrically a test emulsion containing 25 mg of [14C]cholesterol, 50 mg of either guar gum, cellulose or chitosan, and 200 mg of either safflower, high-oleic safflower or palm oil, and the absorption of labeled cholesterol and fatty acids was measured. The type of both dietary fiber (P less than 0.001) and fat (P less than 0.05) significantly influenced cholesterol absorption. A significant interaction of fiber and fat on cholesterol absorption (P less than 0.05) was also observed. Chitosan effectively lowered cholesterol absorption more than did guar gum or cellulose, and this effect was more significant when given with safflower or high-oleic safflower oil than with palm oil. When guar gum was the source of dietary fiber, dietary fats did not modify cholesterol absorption. Dietary fiber also significantly affected triglyceride absorption (P less than 0.05). Absorption tended to be low in the chitosan, high in the cellulose and intermediate in the guar gum group. Absorption of safflower and high-oleic safflower oils tended to be higher than that of palm oil when cellulose or guar gum was fed. Guar gum, as compared with the other fibers, altered the absorption pattern of both cholesterol and triglyceride. |
